Understanding prostate cancer
Prostate cancer begins in the prostate, a small gland below the bladder that is part of the male reproductive system. [needs source] It may grow slowly, but some prostate cancers can grow or spread more quickly. [needs source]
This page provides general education and is not a diagnosis or a personal treatment plan. A qualified health professional can discuss concerns, testing, and care options based on an individual’s health history.
Possible signs and symptoms
Prostate cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages. [needs source] When symptoms do occur, they can include changes in urination, blood in urine or semen, or ongoing pain in certain areas of the body. [needs source]
These symptoms can also have causes other than cancer. [needs source] New, persistent, or concerning symptoms should be discussed with a healthcare professional.
Screening and diagnosis
Screening looks for signs of disease before symptoms appear. Tests used when discussing prostate cancer may include a prostate-specific antigen (PSA) blood test and a digital rectal exam, in which a clinician checks the prostate through the rectum. [needs source]
If a test suggests a possible concern, further evaluation may include imaging or a biopsy. A biopsy is a procedure that removes a small sample of tissue for examination. [needs source] Not everyone needs the same tests, so decisions about screening and evaluation should be made with a healthcare professional.
Treatment and follow-up
Care for prostate cancer can depend on factors such as the cancer’s stage, how quickly it appears to be growing, a person’s overall health, and personal preferences. [needs source] Options may include active surveillance, surgery, radiation therapy, hormone therapy, or other treatments. [needs source]
Active surveillance means monitoring a cancer closely and using treatment if there are signs that it is changing. [needs source] A cancer care team can explain the possible benefits, risks, and side effects of each option.
When to seek care
Contact a healthcare professional if you notice persistent urinary changes, blood in urine or semen, unexplained pain, or other symptoms that concern you. Seek urgent medical care for severe symptoms or symptoms that feel like an emergency.
Frequently asked questions
Does prostate cancer always cause symptoms?
No. Prostate cancer may not cause symptoms in its early stages. [needs source]
Is a high PSA level the same as prostate cancer?
No. PSA levels can be affected by several conditions, and an elevated result does not by itself diagnose prostate cancer. [needs source] A healthcare professional can explain what a result may mean and whether further evaluation is needed.
Can prostate cancer be treated?
There are several approaches used to manage prostate cancer, depending on the individual situation. [needs source] A qualified cancer care team can discuss appropriate options and expected follow-up.